JLine3 Telnet server: Unauthenticated Remote Memory Exhaustion via Unbounded Telnet NEW-ENVIRON Variables

Summary

The JLine3 Telnet server (remote-telnet module) does not limit the number of environment variables a client may inject via the Telnet NEW-ENVIRON option. An unauthenticated attacker can flood the server with a large number of unique variable pairs before sending the terminating IAC SE byte, exhausting JVM heap memory and causing an OutOfMemoryError (denial of service). Approximately 3–4 MB of network traffic is sufficient to consume a 512 MB JVM heap.

Details

TelnetIO.readNEVariables() (TelnetIO.java:1127-1180) processes incoming NEW-ENVIRON variable pairs in a loop and stores each pair in a HashMap held by ConnectionData:

// TelnetIO.java:1139-1178
boolean cont = true;
if (i == NE_VAR || i == NE_USERVAR) {
    do {
        switch (readNEVariableName(sbuf)) {
            case NE_VAR_OK:
                TelnetIO.this.connectionData.getEnvironment().put(str, sbuf.toString());
                // ← no per-connection count limit
                break;
            case NE_VAR_UNDEFINED:
                break; // cont remains true, loop continues
        }
    } while (cont);  // cont is never set to false; only exits via return
}

The variable accumulator map is a plain HashMap initialized with capacity 20 and no maximum size:

// ConnectionData.java:98
environment = new HashMap<String, String>(20);

Per-variable limits exist (name: max 50 chars, value: max 1000 chars), but there is no cap on the count of variables. Each map entry occupies approximately 2 KB of heap (String headers + Map.Entry + backing char arrays). On a JVM with a 512 MB heap, approximately 250,000 unique entries trigger an OutOfMemoryError.

Network cost: using sequential 1-byte names (e.g., \x01, \x02, ...) and 1-byte values, each variable pair requires roughly 13 protocol bytes. Sending 250,000 pairs requires only ~3.25 MB of network traffic — feasible in seconds over any reasonable network connection.

No authentication is required. NEW-ENVIRON negotiation occurs before login.

Affected source files:

• remote-telnet/src/main/java/org/jline/builtins/telnet/TelnetIO.java lines 1127-1180
• remote-telnet/src/main/java/org/jline/builtins/telnet/ConnectionData.java line 98

PoC

Connect to the JLine3 Telnet server and, after completing WILL/DO option negotiation, send a NEW-ENVIRON SEND subneg followed by a single large IS subneg containing thousands of unique variable pairs before the final IAC SE.

Protocol structure (no authentication required):

1. Standard Telnet option negotiation (IAC DO NEW-ENVIRON, IAC WILL NEW-ENVIRON)
2. Server sends IAC SB NEW-ENVIRON SEND IAC SE
3. Client responds with: IAC SB NEW-ENVIRON IS [NE_VAR 0x01 NE_VALUE 0x01] ← variable pair 1 [NE_VAR 0x02 NE_VALUE 0x01] ← variable pair 2 ... repeated N times ... IAC SE ← only sent after N pairs

Each iteration adds one entry to the per-connection environment map. The connection thread blocks reading from the socket while accumulating pairs, so the attacker controls the timing of the OOM.

Reproduction environment:

• JLine3 built from current master on x86_64 Linux, OpenJDK 25.0.2
• remote-telnet module started with its default configuration
• Confirmed by source-code analysis; loop exit condition and missing count guard verified by inspection of readNEVariables() and ConnectionData constructor

Impact

Type: Denial of Service (heap memory exhaustion / OutOfMemoryError) Who is affected: Any application embedding the JLine3 remote-telnet module and exposing its Telnet server. No credentials are required. A single connection can exhaust the entire JVM heap, crashing the host process or triggering JVM out-of-memory handling that impacts all users sharing that JVM instance.

Credits

This issue was identified by Michał Majchrowicz and Marcin Wyczechowski, members of the AFINE Team.